Montenegro accelerates EU bid, targeting 2028 membership as 28th state

Citizens have watched summits and family photos accumulate without membership materializing.
More than two decades have passed since the EU promised the Balkans a path to membership, yet only Croatia has succeeded.

En un puerto adriático que alguna vez albergó submarinos soviéticos, más de treinta delegaciones europeas se reunieron esta semana para reafirmar que los Balcanes Occidentales tienen un lugar dentro de la Unión Europea. Montenegro, la nación más avanzada entre los seis candidatos de la región, apunta a convertirse en el miembro número 28 en 2028, tras más de una década de negociaciones y un nuevo hito: la formación del grupo de trabajo que redactará su acuerdo de adhesión. La historia de las promesas europeas en los Balcanes es larga y a menudo decepcionante, y lo que separa este momento de los anteriores no es la solemnidad de las declaraciones, sino la capacidad de transformarlas en reformas constitucionales verificables y en una justicia genuinamente independiente.

  • Más de dos décadas después de las promesas de Tesalónica, los ciudadanos balcánicos han acumulado cumbres y fotografías familiares sin que la membresía se haya materializado, y la credibilidad europea está en juego.
  • Montenegro necesita una supermayoría parlamentaria para reformar su Constitución, lo que obliga al gobierno a negociar con una oposición que puede convertir el proceso europeo en moneda de cambio político.
  • La independencia judicial sigue siendo frágil, y analistas advierten que los gestos simbólicos —visitas de alto nivel, declaraciones de apoyo— deben traducirse en hitos concretos y medibles antes de que la fatiga ciudadana erosione el entusiasmo pro-europeo.
  • Jóvenes montenegrinos, entre los más favorables a la UE en toda Europa, continúan emigrando en busca de oportunidades que su país aún no puede ofrecerles, convirtiendo la adhesión en una cuestión de futuro personal tanto como de arquitectura institucional.
  • El gobierno de Podgorica se ha fijado el plazo de fin de año para completar todo el trabajo técnico mientras lobbea simultáneamente a los 27 estados miembros, con el respaldo explícito de Alemania y Francia como señal alentadora pero no suficiente.

Tivat, un puerto adriático de 16.000 habitantes que en otro tiempo albergó submarinos soviéticos, acogió esta semana más de treinta delegaciones de presidentes, primeros ministros y altos funcionarios de la UE reunidos entre los yates de lujo de Porto Montenegro. El mensaje fue inequívoco: los Balcanes Occidentales tienen un futuro dentro de la Unión Europea. António Costa, presidente del Consejo Europeo, había visitado las capitales de los seis candidatos balcánicos en los días previos, repitiendo que la ampliación es una inversión en paz y seguridad continental.

Montenegro, con 600.000 habitantes y miembro de la OTAN desde 2017, encabeza la carrera. Lleva negociando desde 2012 y acaba de formar el grupo de trabajo que redactará su acuerdo de adhesión. El gobierno ha fijado 2028 como meta —el miembro 28 en el año 28— y se ha propuesto completar todo el trabajo técnico antes de que acabe el año mientras busca el respaldo de cada uno de los 27 estados miembros. Alemania y Francia ya han expresado su apoyo.

Pero los obstáculos son reales. La reforma constitucional exige una supermayoría que obliga al gobierno a conseguir votos de la oposición, y la independencia judicial sigue siendo vulnerable. Analistas como Naim Leo Besiri advierten que los ciudadanos de la región llevan más de veinte años escuchando declaraciones: si la UE quiere que esta cumbre importe, debe sustituir la ambigüedad diplomática por compromisos verificables.

Detrás de la maquinaria institucional late una pregunta más íntima. Iliriana Gjoni, pianista y analista nacida en Montenegro en 1987, dejó el país en 2005 porque el avance dependía más de la proximidad política que del mérito. Hoy enmarca las apuestas no en términos de banderas sino de elección: ¿creará la adhesión a la UE un país donde los jóvenes puedan construir su futuro sin sentir que deben abandonarlo? Biljana Matijasevic, editora política de Vijesti, lo resume con claridad: 2028 no es imposible, pero exige un cambio serio en el comportamiento político. Si la agenda europea se convierte en herramienta de maniobra cotidiana, la fecha seguirá siendo solo una ambición.

Tivat, a port town of 16,000 on the Adriatic, once housed Soviet submarines and fed Yugoslavia's heavy industry. This week it hosted something altogether different: more than thirty delegations of European presidents, prime ministers, and top EU officials gathered among the luxury yachts of Porto Montenegro to signal, unmistakably, that the Western Balkans have a future inside the European Union.

The message was clear, even if the timeline remains uncertain. António Costa, president of the European Council, had visited each of the six Balkan candidates' capitals in the days before the summit, repeating the same refrain: enlargement is an investment in continental peace, stability, and security. Yet more than two decades have passed since the EU made similar promises at Thessaloniki in 2003, and only one Balkan nation—Croatia—has actually crossed the threshold, in 2013. The region's citizens have watched summits and family photos accumulate without membership materializing.

Montenegro, with 600,000 people and NATO membership since 2017, is the frontrunner. It began EU negotiations in 2012 and has just formed the working group that will draft its accession agreement—a critical milestone. The government has set 2028 as its target, a symbolic choice: the 28th member in the year 28. To reach it, Podgorica is racing to complete all technical work by year's end while simultaneously lobbying each of the 27 existing member states to approve its entry. Germany and France, the EU's two largest economies, have recently voiced strong support.

Analysts note the summit's significance not for any dramatic institutional breakthrough but for reaffirming enlargement as central to European geopolitical thinking, particularly given the upheaval in Ukraine and the region's shifting power dynamics. Yet they also warn that symbolic gestures—family photos, high-level visits—must be backed by measurable political progress. Naim Leo Besiri, director of the Institute for European Affairs in Belgrade, puts it plainly: citizens of the region have been hearing declarations for more than two decades. If the EU wants this summit to matter, it must replace diplomatic ambiguity with concrete, verifiable milestones.

Montenegro faces real obstacles. Constitutional reform requires a supermajority, meaning the government must secure opposition votes on matters tied to the European path. Judicial independence remains fragile. And beneath the diplomatic machinery lies a harder truth: young Montenegrins are among Europe's most pro-EU populations, yet many still leave the country to find the opportunities they seek. Iliriana Gjoni, a pianist and analyst at Carnegie Europe who was born in Ulqin in 1987 to a family of activists, left Montenegro in 2005 because advancement depended less on merit than political proximity. She has since studied and worked across Europe. Now she frames the stakes not in terms of flags or institutions but in terms of choice: will EU membership create a country where young people can build their futures without feeling they must abandon it?

Biljana Matijasevic, political editor of Vijesti newspaper and head of Forbes Montenegro, is direct about the challenge: 2028 is not impossible, but it demands serious change in political behavior. If the European agenda becomes a tool for everyday political maneuvering, the target will remain only an ambition. The summit in Tivat sent a signal that Europe wants Montenegro to succeed. Whether that signal translates into the hard work of constitutional reform, judicial independence, and genuine political consensus will determine whether 2028 becomes a date or merely another promise.

The region's citizens have been hearing declarations for more than two decades. If the EU wants this summit to matter, it must replace diplomatic ambiguity with concrete, verifiable milestones.
— Naim Leo Besiri, director of the Institute for European Affairs, Belgrade
2028 is not impossible, but it demands serious change in political behavior. If the European agenda becomes a tool for everyday political maneuvering, the target will remain only an ambition.
— Biljana Matijasevic, political editor of Vijesti newspaper
A Conversa do Hearth Outra perspectiva sobre a história
Inventor

Why does a town of 16,000 matter enough to host thirty delegations?

Model

Because what happens in Montenegro signals whether the EU actually means what it says about the Balkans. It's the test case.

Inventor

But they've been saying this since 2003. Why should anyone believe them now?

Model

Fair question. The difference is Ukraine. The EU suddenly cares about stability on its eastern flank. And Montenegro is already in NATO, already aligned. It's the easiest win.

Inventor

So it's geopolitics, not principle.

Model

It's both. The EU does want to stabilize the region. But yes, the timing matters. Without the war, this summit might not have happened.

Inventor

What's the real obstacle—the constitutional reform or something deeper?

Model

The constitutional reform is real, but it's a symptom. The deeper problem is that political elites use European integration as cover for patronage. If the government can't build genuine consensus, the whole thing stalls.

Inventor

And the young people—they're just leaving?

Model

Many are. They're pro-EU, but they don't see how EU membership helps them tomorrow. They need jobs, fair institutions, real opportunity. A flag doesn't feed you.

Inventor

So 2028 is possible but fragile.

Model

Exactly. It requires the government to actually reform, not just perform. The summit was beautiful theater. Now comes the work.

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